Secondhand Smoke Exposure and Depressive Symptoms
To evaluate the association between secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure and depression. Tobacco smoking and depression are strongly associated, but the possible effects of SHS have not been evaluated.
The 2005 to 2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) is a cross-sectional sample of the noninstitutionalized civilian U.S. population. SHS exposure was measured in adults aged >/=20 years by serum cotinine and depressive symptoms by the Patient Health Questionnaire. Zero-inflated Poisson regression analyses were completed with adjustment for survey design and potential confounders.
Serum cotinine-documented SHS exposure was positively associated with depressive symptoms in never-smokers, even after adjustment for age, race/ethnicity, gender, education, alcohol consumption, and medical comorbidities. The association between SHS exposure and depressive symptoms did not vary by gender, nor was there any association between SHS smoke exposure and depressive symptoms in former smokers.
Findings from the present study suggest that SHS exposure is positively associated with depressive symptoms in never-smokers and highlight the need for further research to establish the mechanisms of association.
Literature: Bandiera FC, Arheart KL, Caban-Martinez AJ, Fleming LE, McCollister K, Dietz NA, Leblanc WG, Davila EP, Lewis JE, Serdar B, Lee DJ., Secondhand Smoke Exposure and Depressive Symptoms., Psychosom Med. 2009 Nov 30.
First you should know that I’m not affected by MCS. When I open my window for fresh air, sometimes I get the smell of tobacco instead. May be the guy above is smoking on his balcony, may be he airs his stinky booth.
Smoking is told to be a private pleasure but it is a business model that works with physical dependency. I heard caffeine is added to increase the dependency on nicotine. Here’s an abstract of a study:
http://www.biopsychiatry.com/cafnic.htm
If you don’t believe that caffeine is added, look it up in this list:
http://quitsmoking.about.com/cs/nicotineinhaler/a/cigingredients.htm
Smokers always claim their freedom. That’s well learned from the commercials and as ridiculous as these clips with cowboys and true men. You might be free to decide to smoke, perhaps. If you are hooked, you are not free. You retard to a sucking baby and to an emotional gimp.
The tobacco business model is another sample of privatizing profits and socializing follow-up cost. Because of the public involvement it is one of the more interesting.
Currently a conservative estimation for the costs caused by smoking in Europe ranges between 105.83 and 130.31 billion Euros, or between 228 and 281 Euros per capita.
http://ec.europa.eu/health/ph_determinants/life_style/Tobacco/Documents/tobacco_fr_en.pdf page 74
According to the German Census Bureau the tax on tobacco in 2007 brought 14,3 billion Euro. I found no data to estimate the German health costs but some say it is a good deal for the state too.
However the damage for all is much higher than the profit. In 2007 one of the biggest tobacco companies made about 5,4 billion Euro worldwide. You can google that.
If I try to sue that guy above I’d rather go to asylum than to succeed. That’s my freedom right.